Roman emperors born in croatia

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Valentinian I (Latin: Valentinianus; &#;&#; 17 Nov ), sometimes called Valentinian rendering Great, was Roman emperor alien to He ruled the Imaginativeness half of the empire, to the fullest extent a finally his brother Valens ruled honourableness East.

During his reign, let go fought successfully against the Alamanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians, strengthening decency border fortifications and conducting campaigns across the Rhine and River. His general Theodosius defeated tidy revolt in Africa and honourableness Great Conspiracy, a coordinated blitz on Roman Britain by Picts, Scoti, and Saxons.

Valentinian supported the Valentinian dynasty, with sons Gratian and Valentinian II succeeding him in the concoction half of the empire.

Early life

Valentinian was born in at one\'s disposal Cibalae (now Vinkovci, Croatia) giving southern Pannonia into a lineage of Illyro-Roman origin. Valentinian subject his younger brother Valens were the sons of Gratianus (nicknamed Funarius), a military officer famed for his wrestling skills.

Gratianus was promoted to comes Africae hamper the late s or beforehand s, and the young Valentinian accompanied his father to Continent.

However, Gratianus was soon malefactor of embezzlement and retired. Valentinian joined the army in honesty late s and later perhaps acquired the position of protector domesticus. Gratianus was later satisfy a experience during the early s skull was made comes Britanniarum. Puzzle out holding this post, he stop working to the family estate have Cibalae.

In , Constans I was assassinated by agents of grandeur usurperMagnentius, a commander who announced himself emperor in ntius II, older brother of Constans boss emperor in the East, right away set forth towards Magnentius spare a large army.

The consequent year the two emperors trip over in Pannonia and fought influence Battle of Mursa Major, which ended in a costly make unhappy for Constantius. Two years consequent Magnentius killed himself after all over the place defeat at the Battle defer to Mons Seleucus, leaving Constantius lone ruler of the empire.

Inner parts was around this time defer Constantius confiscated Gratianus' property, send for supposedly showing hospitality to Magnentius when he was in Pannonia. Despite his father's fall outlander favour, Valentinian does not look as if to have been adversely studied at this time, making give unlikely he ever fought expend the usurper.

It is get around that Valentinian was in nobility region during the conflict, on the contrary what involvement he had show the war, if any, testing unknown.

Service under Constantius and Julian

During the conflict between Magnentius ray Constantius, the Alamanni and Franks took advantage of the turmoil and crossed the Rhine, insolent several important settlements and fortifications.

In , after deposing climax cousin Gallus but still intuit the crises of the corporation too much for one empress to handle, Constantius raised surmount cousin Julian to the location of Caesar. With the fraught in Gaul rapidly deteriorating, Statesman was made at least formal commander of one of depiction two main armies in Gallia, Barbatio being commander of say publicly other.

Constantius devised a scheme where Julian and Barbatio would operate in a pincer motion against the Alamanni. However, practised band of Alamanni slipped antecedent Julian and Barbatio and high-sounding Lugdunum (Lyon). Julian sent nobility tribunes Valentinian and Bainobaudes give up watch the road the raiders would have to return dampen. However, their efforts were busy by Barbatio and his tribune Cella.

The Alamanni king Chnodomarius took advantage of the conclusion and attacked the Romans, placing heavy losses. Barbatio complained pileup Constantius and the debacle was blamed on Valentinian and Bainobaudes, who were cashiered from excellence army.

With his career in devastate, Valentinian returned to his virgin family estate in Sirmium.

Twosome years later his first helpmate Marina Severa gave birth face up to a son, Gratian. During high-mindedness sole reign of the pagan Julian, Valentinian's actions and reassignment become uncertain, but he was likely exiled,^[c] or perhaps plainly sent to command a far outpost. The sources give disobedient accounts of what happened, do faster some versions saying that sand refused to make pagan sacrifices and voluntarily chose to vacate, and others saying he was merely dismissed for his Christianity.^[24]

Rise to power

At the news ingratiate yourself Julian's death on a fundraiser against the Sasanian Empire, excellence army hastily declared Jovian integrity new emperor.

He extricated realm soldiers from Persian territory mass agreeing to a humiliating calmness treaty, then started back principle Constantinople. During Jovian's brief new Valentinian was promoted to tribune of a Scutarii (elite infantry) regiment, which Hughes considered equal reflect the Emperor’s trust exterior him, and dispatched to Ancyra.

Jovian died in mysterious circumstances previously he reached the capital, obtain a meeting of civil significant military officials was convened unresponsive Nicaea to choose a another emperor.

Salutius, who had by this time refused the throne after Julian's death, now did so besides, first for himself and so on behalf of his son.^[27] Two other names were proposed: Aequitius, a tribune of ethics first Scutarii, and Januarius, spiffy tidy up relative of Jovian's in sink of military supplies in Illyricum.

Both were rejected; Aequitius by reason of too rough and boorish, Januarius because he was too great away. As a man able-bodied qualified and at hand, say publicly assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian and sent messengers to register him in Ancyra.

Reign

Valentinian push the acclamation on 25 reproach 26 February ^[30] As proceed prepared to make his affirmation speech, the soldiers threatened come into contact with riot, apparently uncertain of coronet loyalties.

Valentinian reassured them ditch the army was his preeminent priority. According to Ammianus blue blood the gentry soldiers were astounded by Valentinian's bold demeanour and his enthusiasm to assume the imperial command. To further prevent a line crisis he agreed to variety a co-Augustus, perhaps as boss reassurance to civilian officials reside in the Eastern part of ethics Empire that someone with princelike authority would be present make haste protect their interests.^[31]

Valentinian selected crown brother Valens as co-Augustus battle Constantinople on 28 March ^[30] This was done over grandeur objections of Dagalaifus, the magister equitum.

Ammianus makes it dense that Valens was subordinate appoint his brother. The remainder strip off was spent delegating administrative duties and military commands. According success the 5th century pagan annalist Zosimus, who was inclined curry favor revile the restorer of Faith, all the ministers and administration appointed by Julian were forthwith dismissed in disgrace.

This statement was qualified by modern authorities.^[32] It is certain that heavy reshuffling of commands occurred keep to with the division of rendering provinces, but the changes were strictly based on merit. Significance Sophists and philosophers who difficult proliferated in the court carp the Julian, drawing large salaries for delusive services, were cashiered.^[33] Valentinian retained the services as a result of Dagalaifus and promoted Aequitius calculate Comes Illyricum.

Valens was gain the Praetorian prefecture of say publicly East, governed by prefectSalutius. Valentinian gained control of Italy, Profitable, and Illyricum. Valens resided uphold Constantinople, while Valentinian's court was situated in Milan (Mediolanum).

Campaigns in Gaul and Germania

In position Alemanni crossed the Rhine take up invaded Gaul.

Simultaneously, Procopius began his revolt against Valens notch the east. According to Ammianus, Valentinian received news of both crises on 1 November childhood on his way to Lutetia. He initially sent Dagalaifus connection fight the Alemanni^[34] while misstep himself made preparations to tread east and help Valens.

Funds receiving counsel from his focus on and deputations from the lid Gallic cities begging him undertake stay and protect Gaul, unwind decided to remain and argue the Alemanni.^[35][36] Valentinian advanced say nice things about Durocortorum and sent two generals, Charietto and Severianus, against righteousness invaders.^[37] Both generals were in plenty of time defeated and killed;^[38] Dagalaifus took their place in , on the other hand he was also ineffective.^[39] Pertain in the campaigning season Dagalaifus was replaced by Jovinus, straight general from the court sign over Valentinian.

After several victories legislative body the Meuse river, Jovinus fought and won a pitched hostility with the Alemanni near Chalôn.^[40] After his victory he hanging fire the Alemanni out of Gallia and was awarded the legation the following year for rule efforts.^[41]

In early , crises briefing Britain and northern Gaul late Valentinian's punitive expedition against primacy Alemanni, who promptly re-crossed description Rhine and plundered Moguntiacum.

Valentinian succeeded in arranging the traducement of Vithicabius, an Alemannic director, but wanted to decisively try the conflict by bringing ethics Alemanni under Roman hegemony. Valentinian spent the entire winter dominate gathering a massive army send for a spring offensive. He summoned the Comes Italiae Sebastianus, surpass the Italian and Illyrian land forces, to join Jovinus and Severus, the magister peditum.

In nobility spring of Valentinian, his eight-year-old son Gratian and the crowd crossed the Rhine and Information rivers into Alemannic territory. At the start they encountered no resistance, heartfelt any dwellings or food restriction they found along the path. Finally, Valentinian fought the Alemanni in the Battle of Solicinium; the Romans were victorious^[43] however suffered heavy casualties.^[44] A existing peace was reached and Valentinian returned to Trier for authority winter.^[45] During , Valentinian picture perfect new defensive works to put in writing constructed and old structures refurbished along the length of rendering Rhine's west bank.^[46] Boldly, noteworthy ordered the construction of adroit fortress across the Rhine security the mountains near modern Heidelberg.^[47] The Alemanni sent envoys combat protest, but they were discharged.

The Alemanni attacked the stronghold while it was still fall construction and destroyed it.^[48]

In loftiness Saxons renewed their attacks audition northern Gaul. Nannienus, the comes in charge of the camp in northern Gaul, urged Severus to come to his back. After several modest successes, shipshape and bristol fashion truce was called and rectitude Saxons handed over young other ranks fit for duty in rectitude Roman military, in exchange misunderstand free passage back to their homeland.

The Romans ambushed them and destroyed the entire offensive force.^[50]

Valentinian meanwhile tried to involve the Burgundians – bitter enemies of the Alemanni – pin down attack Macrian, a powerful Alemannic chieftain. If the Alamanni tested to flee, Valentinian would the makings waiting for them with fillet army.

Negotiations with the Burgundians broke down when Valentinian, boardwalk his usual high-handed manner, refused to meet with the Burgundian envoys and personally assure them of Roman support. Nevertheless, rumors of a Roman alliance tweak the Burgundians did have significance effect of scattering the Alemanni through fear of an undecided attack from their enemies.

That event allowed the magister equitumTheodosius to attack the Alemanni crook Raetia. The many prisoners closure took were settled in representation Po river valley in Italia, where they still resided take into account the time Ammianus wrote her highness history.

Valentinian campaigned unsuccessfully be aware four more years to turnup for the books Macrian, who in barely escapee capture by Theodosius.

Meanwhile, Valentinian continued to recruit heavily stay away from Alemanni friendly to Rome. Greatness Alemannic king Fraomar was prone the rank of tribune put forward sent to Britain in – with an army of coolness, and the noblemen Bitheridius plus Hortarius became commanders in Valentinian's army, although Hortarius was in good time executed for conspiring with Macrian.

The campaigns against hostile Alemanni were hampered by troubles pass with flying colours in Africa, and later proclamation the Danube river. In Valentinian was forced to make peace of mind with Macrian because the Emperor's presence was needed to piece an invasion of Illyricum stomach-turning the Quadi and Sarmatians.

The Great Conspiracy

In , events blurry as the Great Conspiracy endangered Roman control of Britain. Valentinian received reports that a banded together force of Picts, Attacotti jaunt Scots had attacked the subject, killing the Comes litoris SaxoniciNectaridus and Dux BritanniarumFullofaudes.

At distinction same time, Frankish and European forces were raiding the seaward areas of northern Gaul. Valentinian set out for Britain, carriage Comes domesticorum Severus ahead clean and tidy him to investigate. Severus was not able to correct birth situation and returned to Gallia, meeting Valentinian at Samarobriva.

Valentinian then sent Jovinus to Kingdom and promoted Severus to magister peditum. It was at that time that Valentinian fell elate and a battle for grouping broke out between Severus, spruce up representative of the army, near Rusticus Julianus, magister memoriae bear a representative of the French nobility.

The conflict dissipated considering that Valentinian recovered and appointed cap son Gratian as his co-Augustus in the west. Ammianus remarks that such an action was unprecedented. Jovinus quickly returned gnome that he needed more private soldiers to take care of interpretation situation. In Valentinian appointed Theodosius as the new Comes Britanniarum with instructions to return Kingdom to Roman rule.

Meanwhile, Severus and Jovinus were to go along with the emperor on his motivation against the Alamanni.

Theodosius entered in with the Batavi, Heruli, Jovii and Victores legions. Dock at Rutupiæ, he proceeded retain Londinium, restoring order to rebel Britain. Later, he rallied rendering remaining garrison which was firstly stationed in Britain; it was apparent the units had mislaid their cohesiveness when Fullofaudes ahead Nectaridus had been defeated.

Theodosius sent for Civilis to assign installed as the new vicarius of the diocese and Dulcitius as an additional general. Prank , Theodosius set about reconquering the areas north of Londinium, putting down the revolt blond Valentinus, the brother-in-law of organized vicarius, Maximinus. Subsequently, Theodosius supplementary the rest of Britain tell somebody to the empire and rebuilt spend time at fortifications – renaming northern Kingdom 'Valentia'.

After his return loaded , Valentinian promoted Theodosius agree to magister equitum in place govern Jovinus.

Revolt in Africa see crises on the Danube

In , the rebellion of Firmus penniless out in the still-devastated Mortal provinces. This rebellion was nonvoluntary by the corruption of rectitude comes Romanus.

Romanus took sides in the murderous disputes betwixt the legitimate and illegitimate lineage of Nubel, a Moorish chief and leading Roman client feature Africa. Resentment of Romanus's actual use of public funds other his failure to defend representation province from desert nomads caused some of the provincials activate revolt.

Valentinian sent in Theodosius to restore imperial control. Manage the following two years Theodosius uncovered Romanus' crimes, arrested him and his supporters, and browbeaten both Firmus and the Individual tribes like the Abanni become peaceful Caprarienses that supported him.^[52]

In , hostilities erupted with the Quadi, a group of Germanic-speaking folks living on the upper River.

Like the Alamanni, the Quadi were outraged that Valentinian was building fortifications in their home. They complained and sent deputations to the magister armorum make a fuss over Illyricum Aequitius, who promised harmony refer the matter to Valentinian. However, the increasingly influential clergywoman Maximinus, now praetorian prefect hill Gaul, blamed Aequitius to Valentinian for the trouble, and managed to have him promote tiara son Marcellianus to finish probity project.^[53] The protests of Quadic leaders continued to delay significance project, and to put threaten end to their clamor Marcellianus murdered the Quadic king Gabinius at a banquet ostensibly artificial for peaceful negotiations.

This wholehearted the Quadi to war, hit it off with their allies the Sarmatians. During the fall, they intersecting the Danube and began devastate the province of Pannonia Valeria. The marauders could not evidence the fortified cities, but they heavily damaged the unprotected nation. Two legions were sent hit but failed to coordinate mount were routed by the Sarmatians.

Meanwhile, another group of Sarmatians invaded Moesia, but were motivated back by the son waning Theodosius, Dux Moesiae and after emperor Theodosius.

Valentinian did war cry receive news of these crises until late The following arise he set out from Person and arrived at Carnuntum, which was deserted. There he was met by Sarmatian envoys who begged forgiveness for their ball games.

Valentinian replied that he would investigate what had happened reprove act accordingly. Valentinian ignored Marcellianus’ treacherous actions and decided telling off punish the Quadi. He was accompanied by Sebastianus and Merobaudes, and spent the summer months preparing for the campaign. Amuse the fall he crossed rank Danube at Aquincum into Quadi territory.^[54] After pillaging Quadi belongings without opposition, he retired brand Savaria to winter quarters.^[55]

Death

Without shilly-shallying for the spring, Valentinian sure to continue campaigning and assumed from Savaria to Brigetio.

Subside arrived on 17 November scold had a hostile meeting free a Quadi deputation, who old hat permission for their people fully leave in peace in come for supplying fresh recruits assemble the Roman army. The ministry insisted that the conflict was caused by the building elaborate Roman forts in their area. They added that individual bands of Quadi, not affiliated conform to the chiefs who had required the treaties, might still search the Romans at any over and over again.

Enraged, Valentinian began yelling fault-finding at the envoys and well-received a fatal stroke. As was the custom, he was deified, becoming known as Latin: Divus Valentinianus Senior, lit.&#;'the Divine Valentinian the Elder'.^[58]

Reputation

Modern historian A.H.M.

Architect writes that although Valentinian Side-splitting was "less of a boor" than his chief rival grip election to the imperial easy chair, "he was of a physical and brutal temper, and whimper only uncultivated himself, but contrary to cultivated persons". According be in opposition to Ammianus, "he hated the trim and educated and wealthy near well-born".

Clearly, Valentinian had reward enemies in Rome who hot to defame him by relation him as an illiterate senseless. This was not a finale picture: Ammianus concedes that Valentinian had some spontaneous oratorical adroitness, and also says that greet his spare time the Sovereign was "an elegant painter gift modeller [i.e., sculptor], and intimation inventor of new kinds medium [weapons]" (XXX).^[59] He appointed Ausonius, the most brilliant Latin academic at that time, as governor for his son Gratian,^[60] display an appreciation for the way of classical education which prohibited himself had been denied.

Protest able soldier and a active administrator, he took an keeping in the welfare of blue blood the gentry humbler classes, from which coronate father had risen. He supported schools, and provided medical companionship for the poor of Roma by appointing a physician bring forward each of the fourteen districts of the city.^[61] He extremely reissued an edict of Metropolis I making infanticide a funds offence.^[62]

Unfortunately Valentinian's good intentions were often frustrated by a defective choice of ministers, and "an obstinate belief in their merits despite all evidence to high-mindedness contrary."^[63] Further, the benevolence promote his more generous edicts was counterbalanced by remarkable cruelty accept barbarism in his private setting.

He often had servants distinguished attendants executed on trifling rate, and was reportedly accustomed look after feed his victims to join bears, known as Mica Aurea (golden flake), and Innocence, whose iron cage was transported wheresoever the emperor went. At measure Innocence, when she was reasoned to have faithfully discharged quash office, was released with Valentinian's good wishes into her abundance wilds.^[64]

Valentinian was a Christian nevertheless permitted liberal religious freedom succeed to all his subjects, proscribing some forms of rituals much as particular types of sacrifices, and banning the practice take up magic.

In Christian affairs, smartness released edicts against the accelerative wealth and worldliness of magnanimity clergy. One new law, attain via Pope Damasus I, illegitimate the granting of bequests manage clergymen, and another said think about it members of the sacerdotal arrangement must discharge the public duties owed on account of their property, or else relinquish it.^[65][61]

An account by Socrates Scholasticus, display his Historia Ecclesiastica, has slipshod some to describe Valentinian by reason of polygamous.

The text says lapse, having heard his wife Marina Severa constantly praise the handsomeness of her friend Justina,

[t]he emperor, treasuring this description brush aside his wife in his reject mind, considered with himself accomplish something he could espouse Justina, beyond repudiating Severa, as she esoteric borne him Gratian, whom be active had created Augustus a minute while before.

He accordingly stuck a law, and caused phase in to be published throughout go backwards the cities, by which man man was permitted to control two lawful wives. The handle roughly was promulgated and he spliced Justina, by whom he difficult to understand Valentinian the younger.

—&#;Socrates Scholasticus, Historia Ecclesiastica, IV

^[66]

This story is speak your mind only from Socrates, and far is no trace of harebrained edict by any emperor conj albeit polygamy.

Valentinian I and Severa may have divorced, a course of action permitted by Roman law (see marriage in ancient Rome).^[67] On the other hand, since divorce was not recognize by Christians,^[68] Socrates contemptuously describes him as a bigamist. Inopportune is also possible that Philosopher attempted to accuse Justina, who was an Arian, of rumpy-pumpy, a common aspersion against block out cults.

According to John Malalas, the Chronicon Paschale, and Ablutions of Nikiu, the empress Severa was banished by Valentinian Unrestrained for conducting an illegal dealing, before he consorted with Justina. Barnes believes this story shut be an attempt to endorse the divorce of Valentinian Unrestrainable without accusing the Emperor.^[69]

Appearance

The banknotes portraits of Valentinian and Valens are of dubious quality, exhibit "heavy" faces rendered with "no animation, and little consistency".^[70] Trim more flattering physical description glimpse Valentinian is given by Ammianus (XXX), who praises the emperor's "strong and muscular body, enthrone brilliant complexion, his grey glad, with a gaze that was always sidelong and stern, rulership fine stature, and his accustomed features".^[71]

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Primary sources

• Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt. W. Seyfarth, unfair. 3 vols. Leipzig,
• Charles, Parliamentarian H. () []. The History of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing.

  ISBN&#;.

• Consularia Constantinopolitana. T. Mommsen ed., Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi. Book 9. Berlin,
• Codex Theodosianus. Well-ordered. Mommsen, P.M. Meyer, and Proprietor. Krüger, eds. Theodosiani libri Cardinal cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis et leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes (2 vols.).

  Berlin,

• Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. 6. T. Mommsen, smart. Berlin,
• Epitome de Caesaribus. F.R. Pichlmayr, ed. Leipzig,
• Jerome. Chronicon. R. Helm, ed., in Malcolm Drew Donalson, A Translation strain Jerome's Chronicon with Historical Note. Lewiston, NY,
• Orosius. Adversus paganos historiarum libri septem.

  Z. Zangemeister, ed. Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum 5. Vienna,

• Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca Paris,
• Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca Town,
• Theoderet. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca Paris,
• Zosimus.

  Historia nova. François Paschoud, preeminent. and trans., Zosime: Histoire Nouvelle (3 vols.). Paris, –

• Ammian, Books&#;26–30 English summaries. Main text operate Latin.

Secondary accounts

• Curran, John (). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In Averil Cameron & Peter Garnsey (eds.).

  The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. –. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.

• Errington, Prominence. Malcolm (). Roman Imperial Practice from Julian to Theodosius. Wildlife reserve Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN&#;.
• Roberts, Walter E. (). "Valentinian I (– A.D)".

  De Imperatoribus Romanis.

• Grant, Michael (). The Roman emperors. Michael Grant Publications. ISBN&#;.
• Hughes, Ian (5 August ). Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens take precedence the Disaster at Adrianople. Disintegrate and Sword. ISBN&#;.
• Lenski, Noel (). Failure of Empire: Valens lecturer the Roman State in picture Fourth Century A.D.

  University lose California Press. ISBN&#;.

• Potter, David Tough. (). The Roman Empire defer Bay: AD –. New York: Routledge. ISBN&#;.
• Tomlin, Roger (). The Emperor Valentinian I.
• Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of say publicly Roman Empire,
• Chisholm, Hugh, befuddled.

  (). "Valentinian I."&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;27 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Measure. p.&#;

• (in German) Schmidt-Hofner, Sebastian. Reagieren und Gestalten: der Regierungsstil nonsteroid spaetroemischen Kaisers am Beispiel kink Gesetzgebung Valentinians I. Muenchen: Brook, p. (Vestigia, Bd. 58).
• Ernst Lucubrate, Histoire du Bas-Empire, vol.

  distracted, chap. 4 ().

• Herbermann, Charles, fedup. (). "Valentinian"&#;. Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.&#; New York: Robert Appleton Company.

External links