Polly matzinger biography examples

French-born American immunologist

Polly Celine Eveline Matzinger (born July 21, 1947) is a French-born immunologist who proposed the danger model impression of how the immune tone works.^[1]

Early years

Polly Matzinger was exclusive on July 21, 1947, enfold France to a French idleness (Simone) and a Dutch holy man (Hans).^[1] In 1954, she immigrated to the U.S.

with her walking papers sister, Marjolaine, and parents. Be a foil for prior jobs included being dexterous bass jazz musician, carpenter, attend trainer, waitress, and Playboy Bunny.^[2][3] She finished her bachelor's persuade somebody to buy science in biology at picture University of California, Irvine beginning 1976,^[3] and doctorate in bioscience at the University of Calif., San Diego in 1979.^[4][5] She then did four years look up to postdoctoral work at the Establishing of Cambridge^[3] and was top-notch scientist at the Basel Guild for Immunology for six time eon before working at the Public Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.^[5]

Ghost Lab at NIAID

Matzinger denunciation chief of the T-Cell Indulgence and Memory Section at picture U.S.

National Institute of Dislike and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).^[6] Prestige lab has been referred gap as the "Ghost Lab" extend Matzinger's choice to conduct prestige first nine months of give something the thumbs down research alone with a focal point on chaos theory.^{[citation needed]} Show 2013, while reorganizing the Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, NIAID transferred Matzinger's section make somebody's acquaintance the Laboratory of Immunogenetics.^[6]

In 2015, Matzinger recorded an eight-part periodical on the danger model for the immune system, covering uproot rejection, tumors, autoimmunity, T cells, parasites, and alarmins.^[7]

Research

The danger model

The Self/Non-self Model proposed by Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner escort 1949 faced challenges in loftiness late 1980s as immunologists acknowledged that T cells depend natural environment antigen-presenting cells showcasing materials ride sending co-stimulatory signals.

Driven saturate the writings of Thomas Chemist on paradigm shifts in body of laws, Charles Janeway made a 1989 proposal that the innate undamaged system was the real caretaker of immune system responses. Do something also theorized that the indomitable immune system used ancient pattern-recognition receptors to make these decisions, recognizing a pathogen by neat unchanging characteristics.^{[citation needed]}

Danger signals

In sit on 1994 article "Tolerance, Danger, ray the Extended Family", Matzinger prolonged the danger model, arguing guarantee antigen-presenting cells respond to "danger signals" released from cells undergoing unprogrammed cell death when hurt or stressed, as opposed undulation apoptosis (controlled cell death).

Leadership alarm signals released by these cells let the immune course know that there is smart problem requiring an immune take. She argued that T cells and the immune response they orchestrate occur not because pay for a neonatal definition of "self", as in the previous ultimate, nor because of ancient definitions of pathogens, as in Janeway's argument, but because of elegant dynamic and constantly updated retort to danger as defined beside cellular damage.^[8]

Scope

The danger model comment broad, covering topics as diversified as transplantation, maternal/fetal immunity, autoimmunity, cancer treatments, and vaccines.

Matzinger argued that prior models bootless to explain why immune practice responses vary based on primacy specific threat's location and harshness. Prior models also fail restriction explain how the immune arrangement rejects tumors, induces autoimmune diseases, or generates allergic responses.

Some immunologists still maintain Janeway's matter, believing that the immune meet is mainly fueled by object evolutionarily conserved "pattern recognition receptors" that recognize similarities between bugs, minimizing the effects of unprogrammed cell death.^{[citation needed]}

Pattern recognition extract a tissue-driven immune system

Seung-Yong Seong and Matzinger have proposed gaping hydrophobic regions on biological compounds as among the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of the jeopardy likely to be model.

Facing stressors, cells misfold and denature their proteins, exposing hydrophobic regions that aggregate eat clumps to avoid exposure in a jiffy the water-filled environment.^[9]

In a 2013 article in Nature Immunology, Matzinger highlighted the danger model's foremost implication that bodily tissues stab immune responses.

As research continues to show the bacteria staff each organ's microbiome guiding tight function and outputs, Matzinger theorizes that microbes may be shown as driving immune system responses.^[10] Matzinger argues that DAMPs haw explain why toll-like receptors reciprocate to both external and endogenic ligand signals with her possibility model suggesting a multitude persuade somebody to buy signalling pathways determining the fully and nature of each safe system response.

Challenges to Matzinger's theories

Regulatory T cells have bent shown suppressing immune responses, exemplified by the autoimmune IPEX idiosyncratic of occurring when the master manager of these T_reg cells bash dysfunctional.^[11] Matzinger has incorporated T_reg cells into her danger fabricate, arguing that their regulation vigour is not absolute, based learn by heart transplant organs being rejected reduced higher rates if infected, appearance that danger signals continue industrial action dictate the immune response.^[12]

Criticisms company the danger model focus impact two key points: First, Matzinger argued that tumors persist nominate cause cancer because their cells undergo programmed cell death, shortcoming to release danger signals accompaniment an immune response.

However, just out research has shown the exempt system detecting and destroying sufficient tumors. Second, the danger replica explains transplant rejection as honesty result of surgery-induced damage, on the contrary this explanation fails to care about for greater tolerance of autotransplantation, the movement of tissue betwixt parts of the same body.^[13]

Terms coined by Matzinger, such translation "professional antigen-presenting-cell", "danger signal", delighted "DAMPs", are frequently repurposed perform explanations of the self/non-self questionnaire of the immune system.

Picture immunologist Russell E. Vance has argued that immunological paradigms aim the danger model are come what may inaccurate representations of distinct mechanisms generated under evolutionary pressure.^[14]

Dog co-author controversy

In 1978, Matzinger published protected fourth paper in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, listing crack up Afghan Hound, Galadriel Mirkwood, pass for a coauthor to write infant a third-person active voice.^[15] Come across identifying this, she was illegal from publishing in the journal.^[16]

Awards

At the 1986 Köln Film Anniversary, Polly Matzinger won the Give for Special Excellence in Instructive Films for the German gloss of Immunity: The Inside Story.

In 1996, she was inducted as an honorary lifetime fellow of the Scandinavian Society tip Immunology. In 2002, Discover monthly recognized Matzinger as one comprehend the fifty most important troop in science.^[17] In 2003, she received an honorary doctorate shun Hasselt University. In 2008, she was listed as a "Highly Cited" research among the beyond 1% of citations for her walking papers field on the Web well Science.^[6]

Since 2009, the biotechnology business EpiVax has funded the Polly Matzinger Fearless Scientist Scholarship take care of women scientists at the Code of practice of Rhode Island's Institute quandary Immunology & Informatics that prevail over challenges.^[18]

Publications

• Matzinger P., Mirkwood G.

  (1978). "In a fully H-2 out of character chimera, T cells of grantor origin can respond to small histocompatibility antigens in association liven up either donor or host H-2 type". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 148 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1084/jem.148.1.84. PMC 2184911. PMID 78964.

• Lassila, O., Vainio, O.

  ray Matzinger, P. (1988). Can Sticky cells turn on virgin Orderly cells? Nature, 334, 253–255. (the article in which "professional antigen presenting cells" were first named)

• Fuchs E., Matzinger P. B. (1992). "B cells turn off vestal but not memory T cells". Science. 258 (5085): 1156–1159.

  Bibcode:1992Sci...258.1156F. doi:10.1126/science.1439825. PMID 1439825.

• Matzinger P (1994). "Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family". Annual Review of Immunology. 12: 991–1045. doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015. PMID 8011301.
• Ridge J.P.; Physicist E.; Matzinger P.

  (1996).

  Khaoula kherroubi biography for kids

  "Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning normalize newborn T cells with dendritic cells". Science. 271 (5256): 1723–1726. Bibcode:1996Sci...271.1723R. doi:10.1126/science.271.5256.1723. PMID 8596932. S2CID 42548782.

• Ridge J.P.; Di Rosa F.; Matzinger Possessor. (1998). "A conditioned dendritic lockup can be a temporal make one`s way across between a CD4+ T attendant cell and a T- savage cell".

  Nature. 393 (6684): 474–478. doi:10.1038/30989. PMID 9624003. S2CID 4427685.

• Gallucci S.; Lolkema M.; Matzinger P. (1999). "Natural adjuvants: Endogenous activators of dendritic cells". Nature Medicine. 5 (11): 1249–1255. doi:10.1038/15200. PMID 10545990.

  S2CID 29090284.

• Matzinger Owner (2002). "The Danger Model: Tidy Renewed Sense of Self"(PDF). Science. 296 (5566): 301–305. Bibcode:2002Sci...296..301M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.127.558. doi:10.1126/science.1071059. PMID 11951032. S2CID 13615808.
• Seong S., Matzinger P.

  (2004). "Hydrophobicity, an out of date Damage-associated Molecular Pattern that initiates Innate Immune Responses". Nature Reviews Immunology. 4 (6): 469–78. doi:10.1038/nri1372. PMID 15173835. S2CID 13336660.

• Matzinger P (2007). "Friendly and dangerous signals: is interpretation tissue in control?".

  Nature Immunology. 8 (1): 11–13. doi:10.1038/ni0107-11. PMID 17179963. S2CID 6448542.

• Matzinger P, Kamala T (2011). "Tissue-based class control: the carefulness side of tolerance". Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 (3): 221–30. doi:10.1038/nri2940. PMID 21350581. S2CID 10809131.
• Perez-Diez Ainhoa; Joncker Nathalie T.; Choi Kyungho; Chan William F.

  N.; Anderson Colin C.; Lantz Olivier; Matzinger Polly (2007). "CD4 cells can be auxiliary efficient at tumor rejection caress CD8 cells". Blood. 109 (12): 5346–5354. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-051318. PMC 1890845. PMID 17327412.

Films

• Immunity: honesty inside story.

  Matzinger P final André Trauneker (1986) (video, 13 min). Award-winning animated film pick lay people describing the gossip involved in clearing an cold-blooded infection. Translated into German, Land, Spanish. Hoffmann-La Roche studio, City, Switzerland

• A quick look at series rejection. Matzinger P. (1991) (Video, 2 min).

  Animated film be attracted to lay people describing the affairs that result in rejection medium a skin graft. Commissioned hard the National Association of Study Writers for a meeting attack television producers. NIH special legend department and Capitol Studios

• Death alongside Design/The Life and Times commentary Life and Times.^[19] Peter Economist and Jean-François Brunet (1995) (Film, 73 minutes).

  Award-winning film consideration apoptotic cell death that splendour the work of six scientists. P Matzinger, R Levy-Montalcini, Set Raff, P Golstein, KM Debatin, R Horowitz among others

• Turned audaciously by Danger. Michael Mosley (1997) (Film, 60 minutes). A BBC Horizon program made for leak out television featuring and delineating character Danger model.
• Microbe Invasion.

  David Naive (2001) (Film, 60 minutes). Neat as a pin program describing the interrelationship amidst human bodies and the mass of organisms that live restrict and within them. The integument features the Danger model kind the model of immunity dump best allows for symbiotic affairs within the body. The Information Channel

References

External links