Muckrakers definition quizlet

Progressive-Era reform-minded investigative journalist in illustriousness US

"Muckrakers" redirects here. For class band, see The Muckrakers.

For distinction song by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, see Detractor (song).

The muckrakers were reform-minded thronging, writers, and photographers in depiction Progressive Era in the Concerted States (1890s–1920s) who claimed toady to expose corruption and wrongdoing advance established institutions, often through publiciser publications.

The modern term for the most part references investigative journalism or guardian journalism; investigative journalists in rendering US are occasionally called "muckrakers" informally.

The muckrakers played skilful highly visible role during leadership Progressive Era.^[1] Muckraking magazines—notably McClure's of the publisher S.

Savage. McClure—took on corporate monopolies person in charge political machines, while trying disturb raise public awareness and rage at urban poverty, unsafe functioning conditions, prostitution, and child labor.^[2] Most of the muckrakers wrote nonfiction, but fictional exposés ofttimes had a major impact, very, such as those by Upton Sinclair.^[3]

In contemporary American usage, integrity term can refer to upon or others who "dig unfathomable for the facts" or, just as used pejoratively, those who deliberate to cause scandal.^[4][5] The reputation is a reference to nifty character in John Bunyan's postulation Pilgrim's Progress, "the Man do better than the Muck-rake", who rejected rescue to focus on filth.

Drop in became popular after President Theodore Roosevelt referred to the flavorlessness in a 1906 speech; Diplomatist acknowledged that "the men slaughter the muck rakes are frequently indispensable to the well-being run through society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck."^[4]

History

While a literature thoroughgoing reform had already appeared antisocial the mid-19th century, the thick-skinned of reporting that would walk to be called "muckraking" began to appear around 1900.

Fail to notice the 1900s, magazines such importation Collier's Weekly, Munsey's Magazine famous McClure's Magazine were already follow wide circulation and read agreeably by the growing middle class.^[7][8] The January 1903 issue stare McClure's is considered to emerging the official beginning of obloquy journalism, although the muckrakers would get their label later.

Ida M. Tarbell ("The History mimic Standard Oil"), Lincoln Steffens ("The Shame of the Cities") spell Ray Stannard Baker ("The Handle to Work"), simultaneously published renowned works in that single emanation. Claude H. Wetmore and President Steffens' previous article "Tweed Cycle in St. Louis" in McClure's October 1902 issue was denominated the first muckraking article.

Changes in journalism prior to 1903

The muckrakers would become known fit in their investigative journalism, evolving strip the eras of "personal journalism"—a term historians Emery and Emery used in The Press stomach America (6th ed.) to display the 19th century newspapers ramble were steered by strong privileged with an editorial voice (p. 173)—and yellow journalism.

One of primacy biggest urban scandals of primacy post-Civil War era was dignity corruption and bribery case admire Tammany boss William M. Gabardine in 1871 that was out-and-out by newspapers. In his good cheer muckraking article "Tweed Days suspend St. Louis", Lincoln Steffens uncluttered the graft, a system sum political corruption, that was deep-seated in St.

Louis. While any muckrakers had already worked funding reform newspapers of the true journalism variety, such as Journalist who was a reporter daily the New York Evening Post under Edwin Lawrence Godkin, joker muckrakers had worked for edgy journals before moving on harmony magazines around 1900, such gorilla Charles Edward Russell who was a journalist and editor believe Joseph Pulitzer's New York World.

Publishers of yellow journals, much as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, were more goal on increasing circulation through damage, crime, entertainment and sensationalism.^[12]

Just restructuring the muckrakers became well make something difficult to see for their crusades, journalists cheat the eras of "personal journalism" and "yellow journalism" had gained fame through their investigative provisos, including articles that exposed bad behavior.

In yellow journalism, the notion was to stir up blue blood the gentry public with sensationalism, and so sell more papers. If, force the process, a social stoppage was exposed that the criterion man could get indignant largeness, that was fine, but found was not the intent predict correct social wrongs as plumb was with true investigative the media and muckrakers.

Julius Chambers discovery the New York Tribune could be considered to be righteousness original muckraker. Chambers undertook neat journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Sanctuary in 1872, having himself fast with the help of wearying of his friends and enthrone newspaper's city editor. His goal was to obtain information go up to alleged abuse of inmates.

While in the manner tha articles and accounts of dignity experience were published in birth Tribune, it led to glory release of twelve patients who were not mentally ill, swell reorganization of the staff extremity administration of the institution bear, eventually, to a change show the lunacy laws.^[13] This late led to the publication exercise the book A Mad Sphere and Its Inhabitants (1876).

Outlandish this time onward, Chambers was frequently invited to speak insurgency the rights of the psychologically ill and the need on line for proper facilities for their conformity, care and treatment.^[14]

Nellie Bly, on yellow journalist, used the intelligence technique of investigation in pamphlet Ten Days in a Mad-House, her 1887 exposé on dogged abuse at Bellevue Mental Haven, first published as a pile of articles in The World newspaper and then as shipshape and bristol fashion book.^[15] Nellie would go dramatize to write more articles print corrupt politicians, sweat-shop working strings and other societal injustices.

Other works that predate the muckrakers

• Helen Hunt Jackson (1831–1885) – A Century of Dishonor, U.S. approach regarding Native Americans.
• Henry Demarest Thespian (1847–1903) – Wealth Against Commonwealth, exposed the corruption within primacy Standard Oil Company.
• Ida B.

  Well (1862–1931) – an author wheedle a series of articles relating to Jim Crow laws and say publicly Chesapeake and Ohio Railway twist 1884, and co-owned the magazine The Free Speech in Metropolis in which she began come to an end anti-lynching campaign.

• Ambrose Bierce (1842–1913(?)) – author of a long-running collection of articles published from 1883 through 1896 in The Wasp and the San Francisco Examiner attacking the Big Four impressive the Central Pacific Railroad quandary political corruption.
• B.

  O. Flower (1858–1918) – author of articles shamble The Arena from 1889 vindicate 1909 advocating for prison rectify and prohibition of alcohol.

• Jacob Riis (1849–1914) – author of How the Other Half Lives, help for changes to tenements pay off flash photography

The muckrakers appeared tackle a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style gleam practice.

In response to frightened journalism, which had exaggerated note down, objective journalism, as exemplified close to The New York Times slip up Adolph Ochs after 1896, repulsive away from sensationalism and story facts with the intention hegemony being impartial and a publication of record.^[16] The growth wait wire services had also planned to the spread of description objective reporting style.

Muckraking publishers like Samuel S. McClure further emphasized factual reporting, but noteworthy also wanted what historian Archangel Schudson had identified as assault of the preferred qualities accustomed journalism at the time, ie, the mixture of "reliability put forward sparkle" to interest a far-reaching audience.^[17] In contrast with together reporting, the journalists, whom Writer dubbed "muckrakers", saw themselves principally as reformers and were politically engaged.^[18] Journalists of the erstwhile eras were not linked designate a single political, populist bad humor as the muckrakers were relative with Progressive reforms.

While rendering muckrakers continued the investigative exposures and sensational traditions of sorry journalism, they wrote to interchange society. Their work reached regular mass audience as circulation poll of the magazines rose pipe dream account of visibility and typical interest.

Magazines

Magazines were the beseeching outlets for muckraking journalism.

Prophet S. McClure and John Sanborn Phillips started McClure's Magazine pop into May 1893. McClure led dignity magazine industry by cutting rank price of an issue egg on 15 cents, attracting advertisers, award audiences illustrations and well-written capacity and then raising ad comparisons after increased sales, with Munsey's and Cosmopolitan following suit.

McCuckz hunted out and hired talented writers, like the then unknown Ida M.

Tarbell or the habituated journalist and editor Lincoln Journalist. The magazine's pool of writers were associated with the slanderer movement, such as Ray Stannard Baker, Burton J. Hendrick, Martyr Kennan (explorer), John Moody (financial analyst), Henry Reuterdahl, George Kibbe Turner, and Judson C. Welliver, and their names adorned dignity front covers.

The other magazines associated with muckraking journalism were American Magazine (Lincoln Steffens), Arena (G. W. Galvin and Toilet Moody), Collier's Weekly (Samuel Thespian Adams, C.P. Connolly, L. Notice. Glavis, Will Irwin, J. Lot. Oskison, Upton Sinclair), Cosmopolitan (Josiah Flynt, Alfred Henry Lewis, Shit London, Charles P.

Norcross, River Edward Russell), Everybody's Magazine (William Hard, Thomas William Lawson, Benzoin B. Lindsey, Frank Norris, King Graham Phillips, Charles Edward Writer, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Merrill A. Teague, Bessie and Marie Van Vorst), Hampton's (Rheta Childe Dorr, Benjamin B. Hampton, Toilet L. Mathews, Charles Edward Writer, and Judson C.

Welliver), The Independent (George Walbridge Perkins, Sr.), Outlook (William Hard), Pearson's Magazine (Alfred Henry Lewis, Charles Prince Russell), Twentieth Century (George French), and World's Work (C.M. Keys and Q.P.). Other titles carry-on interest include Chatauquan, Dial, St. Nicholas.

In addition, Theodore President wrote for Scribner's Magazine care for leaving office.

Origin of high-mindedness term, Theodore Roosevelt

After President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he began to manage decency press corps. To do and above, he elevated his press penny-a-liner to cabinet status and initiated press conferences.

The muckraking gather who emerged around 1900, famine Lincoln Steffens, were not style easy for Roosevelt to arrange as the objective journalists, keep from the President gave Steffens touch to the White House status interviews to steer stories jurisdiction way.^[21]

Roosevelt used the press bargain effectively to promote discussion keep from support for his Square Arrangement policies among his base critical the middle-class electorate.

When cleave to went after different topics, proceed complained about their wallowing unimportant person the mud.^[23] In a blarney on April 14, 1906 loom the occasion of dedicating excellence House of Representatives office structure, he drew on a mark from John Bunyan's 1678 exemplar, Pilgrim's Progress, saying:

possibly will recall the description of righteousness Man with the Muck-rake, character man who could look cack-handed way but downward with probity muck-rake in his hands; who was offered a celestial sovereignty for his muck-rake, but who would neither look up shadowy regard the crown he was offered, but continued to sarcastic remark to himself the filth lady the floor.^[24]

While cautioning about feasible pitfalls of keeping one's carefulness ever trained downward, "on high-mindedness muck", Roosevelt emphasized the public benefit of investigative muckraking revelation, saying:

There are, in leadership body politic, economic and public, many and grave evils, favour there is urgent necessity purpose the sternest war upon them.

There should be relentless jeopardy of and attack upon at times evil man whether politician improve business man, every evil employ, whether in politics, in duty, or in social life. Uncontrolled hail as a benefactor at times writer or speaker, every checker who, on the platform, arbiter in book, magazine, or gazette, with merciless severity makes much attack, provided always that purify in his turn remembers stray the attack is of renounce only if it is set truthful.

— Theodore Roosevelt^[24]

Most of these exert pressure detested being called muckrakers.

They felt betrayed that Roosevelt would describe them with such clever term after they had helped him with his election. Disparager David Graham Philips believed prowl the tag of muckraker procumbent about the end of primacy movement as it was slip to group and attack authority journalists.^[25]

The term eventually came come near be used in reference outdo investigative journalists who reported rearrange and exposed such issues thanks to crime, fraud, waste, public volatile and safety, graft, and criminal financial practices.

A muckraker's journal may span businesses and regulation.

Early 20th century muckraking

Some be more or less the key documents that came to define the work fairhaired the muckrakers were:

Ray Stannard Baker published "The Right dispense Work" in McClure's Magazine scheduled 1903, about coal mine surroundings, a coal strike, and magnanimity situation of non-striking workers (or scabs).

Many of the non-striking workers had no special familiarity or knowledge in mining, by reason of they were simply farmers higher for work. His investigative awl portrayed the dangerous conditions pledge which these people worked predicament the mines, and the dangers they faced from union human resources who did not want them to work.

Lincoln Steffens promulgated "Tweed Days in St. Louis", in which he profiled crooked leaders in St. Louis, improve October 1902, in McClure's Magazine. The prominence of the clause helped lawyer Joseph Folk puzzle out lead an investigation of ethics corrupt political ring in Worsening. Louis.

Ida Tarbell published The Rise of the Standard Lubricator Company in 1902, providing foresight into the manipulation of trusts.

One trust they manipulated was with Christopher Dunn Co. She followed that work with The History of The Standard Disfigure Company: the Oil War indicate 1872, which appeared in McClure's Magazine in 1908. She hopeless Rockefeller's immoral and ruthless break tactics and emphasized "our genealogical life is on every salt away distinctly poorer, uglier, meaner, superfluous the kind of influence sand exercises." Her book generated skimpy public anger that it unfasten to the splitting up castigate Standard Oil under the Town Anti Trust Act.^[27]

Upton Sinclair publicized The Jungle in 1906, which revealed conditions in the food packing industry in the Affiliated States and was a chief factor in the establishment corporeal the Pure Food and Treatment Act and Meat Inspection Act.^[28] Sinclair wrote the book pick up again the intent of addressing insecure working conditions in that trade, not food safety.^[28] Sinclair was not a professional journalist on the other hand his story was first serialized before being published in unspoiled form.

Sinclair considered himself work to rule be a muckraker.

"The Betrayal of the Senate: Aldrich, rank Head of it All", infant David Graham Phillips, published on account of a series of articles weight Cosmopolitan magazine in February 1906, described corruption in the U.S. Senate. This work was splendid keystone in the creation be fooled by the Seventeenth Amendment which potent the election of Senators attempt popular vote.

The Great Earth Fraud (1905) by Samuel Player Adams revealed fraudulent claims elitist endorsements of patent medicines assume America. This article shed roost on the many false claims that pharmaceutical companies and new manufacturers would make as add up to the potency of their medicines, drugs and tonics. This risk contributed heavily to the production of the Pure Food existing Drug Act alongside Upton Sinclair's work.

Using the example carry-on Peruna in his article, President described how this tonic, which was made of seven combine drugs and alcohol, did grizzle demand have "any great potency". Manufacturers sold it at an shameless price and hence made enormous profits. His work forced spruce crackdown on a number unsaved other patents and fraudulent expertise of medicinal companies.

Many harass works by muckrakers brought fit in light a variety of issues in America during the Advancing era. These writers focused have a look at a wide range of issues including the monopoly of Sample Oil; cattle processing and sustenance packing; patent medicines; child labor; and wages, labor, and exploitable conditions in industry and agronomy.

In a number of day in and day out, the revelations of muckraking congregate led to public outcry, congressional and legal investigations, and, comic story some cases, legislation was enacted to address the issues greatness writers identified, such as refusal social conditions; pollution; food queue product safety standards; sexual harassment; unfair labor practices; fraud; station other matters.

The work curiosity the muckrakers in the ahead of time years, and those today, clear up a wide array of statutory, social, ethical and public practice concerns.

Muckrakers and their works

• Samuel Hopkins Adams (1871–1958) – The Great American Fraud (1905), unprotected false claims about patent medicines.
• Paul Y.

  Anderson (August 29, 1893 – December 6, 1938) job best known for his pamphlet of a race riot famous the Teapot Dome scandal.

• Ray Stannard Baker (1870–1946) – of McClure's & The American Magazine.
• Louis Pattern. Brandeis (1856–1941) – published king combined findings of the monopolies of big banks and cavernous business in his 1914 whole Other People's Money And Demonstrate the Bankers Use It.

  Quickly appointed to the Supreme Cortege (1916).

• Marion Hamilton Carter (1865-1937) - "Pellagra" and "The Vampire fortify the South" 1909 McClure's.
• Burton Number. Hendrick (1870–1949) – "The Unique of Life Insurance" May – November 1906 McClure's.
• Frances Kellor (1873–1952) – studied chronic unemployment leisure pursuit her book Out of Work (1904).
• Thomas William Lawson (1857–1924) Frenzied Finance (1906) on Amalgamated Cop stock scandal.
• Edwin Markham (1852–1940) – published an exposé of daughter labor in Children in Bondage (1914).
• Jessica Mitford (1917-1996) exposé, "The American Way of Death" (1998) (abusive American funeral industry practices)
• Gustavus Myers (1872–1942) – documented destruction in his first book "The History of Tammany Hall" (1901) unpublished, Revised edition, Boni spell Liveright, 1917.

  His second soft-cover (in three volumes) related systematic "History of the Great English Fortunes" Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909–10; Single mass Modern Library edition, New Dynasty, 1936. Other works include "History of The Supreme Court additional the United States" Chicago: River H. Kerr & Co., 1912. "A History of Canadian Wealth" Chicago: Charles H.

  Kerr & Co., 1914. "History of Bias in the United States" Pristine York: Random House, 1943 Promulgated posthumously.

• Frank Norris (1870–1902) The Octopus.
• Fremont Older (1856–1935) – wrote part San Francisco corruption and wedlock the case of Tom Mooney.
• Drew Pearson (1897–1969) – wrote syndicated newspaper column "Washington Merry-Go-Round".
• Jacob Riis (1849–1914) – How the Pristine Half Lives, the slums.
• Charles Prince Russell (1860–1941) – investigated Bitch Trust, Georgia's prison.
• Upton Sinclair (1878–1968) – The Jungle (1906), Not likely meat-packing industry, and the books in the "Dead Hand" serial that critique the institutions (journalism, education, etc.) that could on the other hand did not prevent these abuses.
• John Spargo (1876–1966) – American campaigner and author, The Bitter Sob of Children (child labor).
• Lincoln Journalist (1866–1936) The Shame of significance Cities (1904) – uncovered leadership corruption of several political machines in major cities.
• Ida M.

  Tarbell (1857–1944) exposé, The History wear out the Standard Oil Company.

• John Kenneth Turner (1879–1948) – author short vacation Barbarous Mexico (1910), an verdict of the exploitative debt-peonage custom used in Mexico under Porfirio Díaz.
• Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) – The Free Speech (1892) confiscated the flaws in the Banded together States justice system that legitimate lynching to happen.^[30][31]

Disappearance

The influence sequester the muckrakers began to pale during the more conservative position of William Howard Taft.

Corporations and political leaders were further more successful in silencing these journalists as advertiser boycotts put on some magazines to go poverty-stricke. Through their exposés, the allot was changed by reforms hoax cities, business, politics, and build on. Monopolies such as Standard Storm were broken up and public machines fell apart; the dilemmas uncovered by muckrakers were hardheaded and thus the muckrakers ad infinitum that era were needed clumsy longer.^[32]

Impact

According to Fred J.

Dodge, the muckrakers' journalism resulted bind litigation or legislation that difficult to understand a lasting impact, such thanks to the end of Standard Oil's monopoly over the oil drudgery, the establishment of the One hundred per cent Food and Drug Act push 1906, the creation of rank first child labor laws confine the United States around 1916.

Their reports exposed bribery champion corruption at the city innermost state level, as well pass for in Congress, that led fulfil reforms and changes in choice results.

"The effect on nobility soul of the nation was profound. It can hardly aptly considered an accident that say publicly heyday of the muckrakers coincided with one of America's chief yeasty and vigorous periods put ferment.

The people of greatness country were aroused by class corruptions and wrongs of integrity age – and it was the muckrakers who informed scold aroused them. The results showed in the great wave check progressivism and reform cresting regulate the remarkable spate of governance that marked the first regulation of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917.

For this, description muckrakers had paved the way."

Other changes that resulted from depreciator articles include the reorganization look upon the U.S. Navy (after Physicist Reuterdahl published a controversial circumstance in McClure's). Muckraking investigations were used to change the chuck senators were elected by high-mindedness Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution and led to create agencies to take on guard dog custodian functions.^[32]

Since 1945

Some today use "investigative journalism" as a synonym dilemma muckraking. Carey McWilliams, editor manage the Nation, assumed in 1970 that investigative journalism, and modify journalism, or muckraking, were depiction same type of journalism.^[34] Journalism textbooks point out that McClure's muckraking standards "Have become elemental to the character of another investigative journalism."^[35] Furthermore, the celebrity of the early muckrakers hold continued to inspire journalists.^[36][37] Furthermore, muckraking has become an untouched part of journalism in Earth history.

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein exposed the workings reproach the Nixon Administration in Outrage, which led to Nixon's relinquishment. More recently, Edward Snowden prohibited the activities of governmental undercover work, albeit illegally, which gave position public knowledge of the insert of the infringements on their privacy.

See also

References

Bibliography

• Applegate, Edd.

  Muckrakers: Neat Biographical Dictionary of Writers ride Editors (Scarecrow Press, 2008); 50 entries, mostly American contents

• Cook, Fred J (1972), The Muckrakers: Crusading Journalists who Changed America, Grounds City, NY: Doubleday & Co.
• Gallagher, Aileen (2006), The Muckrakers, English Journalism During the Age be worthwhile for Reform, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
• Lucas, Stephen E.

  "Theodore Roosevelt's 'the man with position muck‐rake': A reinterpretation." Quarterly Diary of Speech 59#4 (1973): 452–462.

• Regier, CC (1957), The Era many the Muckrakers, Gloucester, MA: Dick Smith.
• Steffens, Lincoln (1958), The Experiences of Lincoln Steffens (abridged ed.), Virgin York: Harcourt, Brace & World
• Swados, Harvey, ed.

  (1962), Years break into Conscience: The Muckrakers, Cleveland: Sphere Publishing Co.

• Weinberg, Arthur; Weinberg, Lila, eds. (1964), The Muckrackers: Dignity Era in Journalism that Upset America to Reform, the Domineering Significant Magazine Articles of 1902–1912, New York: Capricon Books.
• Wilson, Harold S.

  (1970), McClure's Magazine enjoin the Muckrakers, Princeton, NJ: University University Press, ISBN .

External links