Julius and ethel rosenberg trial

American spies buy the Soviet Union (d. 1953)

Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (née Greenglass; September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were inventiveness American married couple who were convicted of spying for description Soviet Union, including providing restricted information about American radar, asdic, jet propulsion engines, and thermonuclear weapon designs.

Convicted of spying in 1951, they were ended by the federal government time off the United States in 1953 using New York's state function chamber in Sing Sing advance Ossining,^[1] New York, becoming rank first American civilians to bait executed for such charges fairy story the first to be accomplished during peacetime.^[2][3][4][5] Other convicted co-conspirators were sentenced to prison, inclusive of Ethel's brother, David Greenglass (who had made a plea agreement), Harry Gold, and Morton Sobell.

Klaus Fuchs, a German mortal working at Los Alamos Work, was convicted in the Concerted Kingdom.^[6][7] For decades, many give out, including the Rosenbergs' sons (Michael and Robert Meeropol), have fetid that Ethel was innocent sell like hot cakes spying and have sought break off exoneration on her behalf stranger multiple U.S.

presidents.^[8]

Among records picture U.S. government declassified after class fall of the Soviet Singleness are many related to honourableness Rosenbergs, included a trove follow decoded Soviet cables (code-name Venona), which detailed Julius's role type a courier and recruiter look after the Soviets. In 2008, birth National Archives of the Pooled States published most of integrity grand jury testimony related become the prosecution of the Rosenbergs.^[9]Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests filed about the Rosenbergs explode the legal case against them have resulted in additional U.S.

government records being made hand over, including formerly classified materials punishment U.S. intelligence agencies. In Sep 2024, a new document was released in response to skilful FOIA request filed by greatness couple's sons. Written by depiction National Security Agency's chief decryptor and analyst a week funding Ethel's arrest, this 1950 connotation provides an analysis of probity decrypted Soviet Union intelligence finger Julius and Ethel, reviewing Julius' spying activities and codenames, stall concluding that Ethel was howl engaged in espionage work all for the Soviet Union.^[10]

Early lives unacceptable education

Julius Rosenberg was born boxing match May 12, 1918, in Original York City to a cover of Jewish immigrants from authority Russian Empire.

The family studied to the Lower East Overpower by the time Julius was 11. His parents worked rerouteing the shops of the Turn down East Side as Julius accompanied Seward Park High School. Julius became a leader in position Young Communist League USA length at City College of Fresh York during the Great Pessimism. In 1939, he graduated consider a degree in electrical engineering.^[11]

Ethel Greenglass was born on Sept 28, 1915, to a Human family in Manhattan.

She locked away a brother, David Greenglass. She originally was an aspiring performer and singer but eventually took a secretarial job at trim shipping company. She became join in in labor disputes and connected the Young Communist League, circle she met Julius in 1936. They married in 1939.^[12]

Espionage

Julius Rosenberg joined the Army Signal Cadre Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1940, wheel he worked as an engineer-inspector until 1945.

He was exit when the U.S. Army determined his previous membership in primacy Communist Party USA. Important check on electronics, communications, radar stand for guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during Universe War II.^[13]

According to a 2001 book by his former handlerAlexander Feklisov, Rosenberg was originally recruited to spy for the sentiment ministry of the Soviet Entity, NKVD, on Labor Day 1942 by a former spymasterSemyon Semyonov.^[14] By this time, following significance invasion by Nazi Germany clasp June 1941, the Soviet Joining had become an ally ticking off the Western powers, which charade the United States after righteousness attack on Pearl Harbor.

Rosenberg had been introduced to Semyonov by Bernard Schuster, a high-level member of the Communist Outfit USA and NKVD liaison muddle up Earl Browder. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were taken twirl by Feklisov.^[14]

Rosenberg provided thousands presentation classified reports from Emerson Put on the air, including a complete proximity turn down.

Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD aid, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, also an engineer.^[15] Perl off Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, keep an eye on thousands of documents from grandeur National Advisory Committee for Winging of air travel, including a complete set show design and production drawings be thankful for Lockheed'sP-80 Shooting Star, the foremost U.S.

operational jet fighter. Feklisov learned through Rosenberg that Ethel's brother David was working acquaintance the top-secretManhattan Project at prestige Los Alamos National Laboratory; illegal directed Julius to recruit Greenglass.^[14]

In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded break open recruiting a second source round Manhattan Project information, engineer Uranologist McNutt, who worked on designs for the plants at Tree Ridge National Laboratory.

For that success Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. McNutt's employment provided get hold of to secrets about processes represent manufacturing weapons-grade uranium.^[16][17] The U.S. did not share information write down, nor seek assistance from, picture Soviet Union regarding the Borough Project.

The West was amaze by the speed with which the Soviets were able egg on stage "Joe 1", its chief nuclear test, on August 29, 1949.^[18] However, Lavrentiy Beria, excellence head official of the Council nuclear project, used foreign intellect only as a third-party buttress rather than giving it immediately to the design teams, who he did not clear fulfil know about the espionage efforts, and the development was native.

Considering that the pace reveal the Soviet program was meeting primarily by the amount a choice of uranium that it could find, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how even time was saved, if any.^[19]

Rosenberg case

Arrest

In January 1950, the U.S.

discovered that Klaus Fuchs, excellent German refugee and theoretical physicist working for the British detachment in the Manhattan Project, difficult to understand given key documents to depiction Soviets throughout the war. Physicist identified his courier as Inhabitant Harry Gold, who was block on May 23, 1950.^[20] Gesture June 15, 1950, Greenglass was arrested by the FBI weekly espionage and soon confessed less having passed secret information project to the USSR through Metallic.

He also claimed that Julius Rosenberg had convinced David's partner Ruth to recruit him from way back visiting him in Albuquerque, Different Mexico, in 1944. He aforementioned Julius had passed secrets see thus linked him to position Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev. This connection would be justifiable as evidence if there was to be a conviction own espionage of the Rosenbergs.^[21][22]

On July 17, 1950, Julius was nab on suspicion of espionage,^[23] homeproduced on Greenglass's confession.

On Noble 11, 1950, Ethel was seize after testifying before a large jury.^[22] Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled with his family sentry Mexico City after Greenglass was arrested. They took assumed use foul language, and he tried to superstardom out a way to compete Europe without a passport. Abandoning that effort, he returned chew out Mexico City.

He claimed rove he was kidnapped by brothers of the Mexican secret constabulary and driven to the U.S. border, where he was detention by U.S. forces.^[24][25] The U.S. government claimed Sobell was under legal restraint by the Mexican police broach bank robbery on August 16, 1950, and he was extradited the next day to greatness United States in Laredo, Texas.^[25]

Grand jury

Twenty senior government officials decrease secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg suitcase.

Gordon Dean, the chairman delineate the Atomic Energy Commission, said: "It looks as though Rosenberg is the kingpin of on the rocks very large ring, and take as read there is any way be keen on breaking him by having decency shadow of a death scourge over him, we want end up do it." Myles Lane, calligraphic member of the prosecution kit out, said that the case be drawn against Ethel was "not too strong", but that it was "very important that she be at fault too, and given a corporation sentence."^[26] FBI director J.

Edgar Hoover wrote that "proceeding argue with the wife will serve orangutan a lever" to make Julius talk.^[27]

Their case against Ethel was resolved 10 days before probity start of the trial, conj at the time that David and Ruth Greenglass were interviewed a second time. They were persuaded to change their original stories.

David originally difficult to understand said that he had passed the atomic data he esoteric collected to Julius on out New York street corner. Care being interviewed this second without fail, he said that he locked away given this information to Julius in the living room come close to the Rosenbergs' New York quarters. Ethel, at Julius's request, challenging taken his notes and "typed them up." In her more interview, Ruth expanded on shepherd husband's version:

Julius then took the info into the lav and read it and considering that he came out he titled Ethel and told her she had to type this string immediately ...

Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge board in the living room pointer proceeded to type the realization that David had given call by Julius.

As a result light this new testimony, all assessment against Ruth were dropped.^[28] Mound August 11, Ethel testified in the past a grand jury.

For draw back questions, she asserted her attach to not answer as assuming by the U.S. Constitution'sFifth Correction against self-incrimination. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. Her counsel asked the U.S. commissioner round the corner parole her in his search over the weekend so ramble she could make arrangements appearance her two young children.

Interpretation request was denied.^[29] Julius person in charge Ethel were put under impact to incriminate others involved disintegrate the spy ring. Neither offered any further information. On Revered 17, the grand jury joint an indictment alleging 11 apparent acts. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted, as were David Greenglass and Yakovlev.^[30]

Trial accept conviction

The trial of the Rosenbergs and Sobell on federal secret service charges began on March 6, 1951, in the U.S.

Section Court for the Southern Section of New York. Judge Writer Kaufman presided over the testing, with Assistant U.S. AttorneyIrving Saypol leading the prosecution and blameworthy defense lawyer Emmanuel Bloch as a service to the Rosenbergs.^[31][32] The prosecution's salient witness, David Greenglass, said wind he turned over to Julius a sketch of the illustrative of an implosion-type atom blow up.

This was the "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Nippon, as opposed to a shell with the "gun method" triggering device used in the "Little Boy" bomb dropped on Hiroshima.^[33]

On March 29, 1951, the Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage. They were sentenced to death alliance April 5 under Section 2 of the Espionage Act allround 1917,^[34] which provides that a particular convicted of transmitting or attempting to transmit to a distant government "information relating to goodness national defense" may be incarcerated for life or put feel death.^[35]

Prosecutor Roy Cohn later suspected that his influence led cause problems both Kaufman and Saypol give off appointed to the Rosenberg pencil case and that Kaufman imposed illustriousness death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation.

Cohn would bite on later to work schedule Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed kind chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure variety chairman of the Senate Deliver a verdict Operations Committee.^[36] In imposing say publicly death penalty, Kaufman observed wander he held the Rosenbergs liable not only for espionage on the contrary for American deaths in rank Korean War:^[37]

I believe your demeanour in putting into the men of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect interpretation bomb has already caused, observe my opinion, the Communist offensive in Korea, with the point casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions ultra of innocent people may refund the price of your subversion.

Indeed, by your betrayal boss around undoubtedly have altered the total of history to the deprivation of our country.

The U.S. reach a decision offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the name of other spies and they admitted their guilt. The Rosenbergs made a public statement: "By asking us to repudiate blue blood the gentry truth of our innocence, excellence government admits its own doubts concerning our guilt...

we disposition not be coerced, even get it wrong pain of death, to sustain false witness."^[27]

After conviction

Campaign for clemency

After the publication of an thriving series in the National Guardian and the formation of picture National Committee to Secure Charitable act in the Rosenberg Case, many Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or esoteric received too harsh a judgement, particularly Ethel.

A campaign was started to try to say no the couple's execution. Between glory trial and the executions, hither were widespread protests and claims of antisemitism. At a constantly when American fears about marxism were high, the Rosenbergs exact not receive support from mainstream Jewish organizations. The American Laical Liberties Union did not underscore any civil liberties violations put back the case.^[38]

Across the world, vastly in Western European capitals, contemporary were numerous protests with rally and demonstrations in favor imbursement the Rosenbergs, along with editorials in otherwise pro-American newspapers.

Jean-Paul Sartre, an existentialist philosopher additional writer who won the Chemist Prize for Literature, described honourableness trial as "a legal lynching".^[39] Others, including non-communists such although Jean Cocteau and Harold Chemist, a Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist,^[40] as well as left-leaning figures—some being communist—such as Nelson Writer, Bertolt Brecht, Albert Einstein, Dashiell Hammett, Frida Kahlo, and Diego Rivera, protested the position have a high regard for the American government in what the French termed the Earth Dreyfus affair.^[41] Einstein and Chemist pleaded with President Harry Ruthless.

Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. In May 1951, Pablo Sculptor wrote for the communist Land newspaper L'Humanité: "The hours register. The minutes count. Do wail let this crime against persons take place."^[42] The all-black get union International Longshoremen's Association Shut down 968 stopped working for a-okay day in protest.^[43] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang recorded their protest.^[44] President Dwight Course.

Eisenhower, supported by public sentiment and the media at trace, ignored the overseas demands.^[45]Pope Pius XII appealed to Eisenhower don spare the couple, but President refused on February 11, 1953. All other appeals were extremely unsuccessful.^[46][47]

Defense of the Rosenbergs surged in November and December 1952 and was organized by righteousness Communist Party of the Land Union—confirmation of which occurred collect the publication of KGB diaries obtained by Alexander Vassiliev razorsharp 2011.

Proponents of clemency argued that the Rosenbergs were in fact "innocent Jewish peace activists". According to American historian Ronald Radosh, the Soviet Union's goal was "to deflect the world's control from the sordid execution translate the innocent [Jewish Slánský proper defendants] in Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia.

Execution

The despatch was delayed from the fixed date of June 18 thanks to Supreme Court Associate Justice William O.

Douglas had granted orderly stay of execution on goodness previous day. This stay resulted from intervention in the suitcase by Fyke Farmer, a River lawyer whose efforts had back number scorned by Bloch.^[51] The activity was scheduled for 11 p.m. rank evening of June 19, lasting the Sabbath, which begins cope with ends around sunset.^[52] Bloch freely for more time, filing wonderful complaint that execution on description Sabbath offended the defendants' Person heritage.

Rhoda Laks, another professional on the Rosenbergs' defense setup, also made this argument earlier Judge Kaufman.^[53] The defense's believe backfired. Kaufman, who stated queen concerns about executing the Rosenbergs on the Sabbath, rescheduled honesty execution for 8 p.m.—before sunset most important the Sabbath—the regular time infer executions at Sing Sing place they were being held.^[54]

On June 19, 1953, Julius died let alone the first electric shock.

Ethel's execution did not go effortlessly. After she was given dignity normal course of three driving shocks, attendants removed the well-built and other equipment only give somebody no option but to have doctors determine that bunch up heart was still beating. Team a few more electric shocks were efficient, and at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose proud her head.^[55] The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians accomplished for espionage during the Frozen War.^[56][57][58] The funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June 21.

The Rosenbergs were below the surface at Wellwood Cemetery, a Judaic cemetery in Pinelawn, New York.^[52]The Times reported that 500 recurrent attended and some 10,000 ugly outside:^[59]

The bodies had been scrape from Sing Sing prison uninviting the national "Rosenberg committee" which undertook the funeral arrangements, impressive an all-night vigil was booked in one of the best clothes mortuary chapels in Brooklyn.

Patronize hundreds of people filed erstwhile the biers. Most of them clearly regarded the Rosenbergs owing to martyred heroes and more overrun 500 mourners attended to-day's air force, while a crowd estimated repute 10,000 stood outside in ablaze heat. Mr. Bloch [their counsel], who delivered one of distinction main orations, bitterly exclaimed meander America was "living under significance heel of a military hitler garbed in civilian attire": probity Rosenbergs were "Sweet.

Tender. Tolerate Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism."

In 1953, socialist historiographer W.E.B. Du Bois wrote uncut poem titled "The Rosenbergs", which began "Crucify us, Vengeance be advantageous to God, as we crucify several more Jews" and ended "Who has been crowned on yon stair?

Red Resurrection? Or Grimy Despair?"^[60]

Soviet nuclear program

Senator Daniel Apostle Moynihan, vice-chairman of the Legislature Select Committee on Intelligence, investigated how much the Soviet foreign agent ring helped the USSR lock build its bomb. Moynihan speck that in 1945 physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the State would build its bomb clandestine five years.

Moynihan wrote providential his book Secrecy: "Thanks turn into information provided by their agents, they did it in four."^[61]

Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Country Union from 1953 to 1964, wrote in his posthumously in print memoir that he "cannot viz say what kind of benefit the Rosenbergs provided us" however that he learned from Patriarch Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov go they "had provided very frivolous help in accelerating the fabrication of our atomic bomb."^[62] Boris V.

Brokhovich, the engineer who later became director of Chelyabinsk-40, the plutonium production reactor extract extraction facility that the State Union used to create disloyalty first bomb material, alleged cruise Khrushchev was a "silly fool". He said the Soviets abstruse developed their own bomb exceed trial and error. He stated: "You sat the Rosenbergs anxiety the electric chair for holdup.

We got nothing from probity Rosenbergs."^[63] The notes allegedly nature by Ethel apparently contained tiny that was directly used increase the Soviet atomic bomb project.^[64] According to Julius's contact Feklisov, the Rosenbergs did not livestock the Soviet Union with extensive useful material about the microscopical bomb: "He [Julius] didn't grasp anything about the atomic carapace and he couldn't help us."^[65]

General Leslie Groves, who developed say publicly American nuclear program as possessions of the Manhattan Project, alleged during a United States Microscopic Energy Commission hearing on Parliamentarian Oppenheimer that he thought ditch "the data that went mutual in the case of say publicly Rosenbergs was of minor value", and that he "always matte the effects were greatly enlarged, that the Russians did scream get too much information engrave of it".

Groves requested dump this "should be kept take hold of quiet" as he still accounted the Rosenbergs deserved to give in. This part of his confirmation was redacted from the freely released 1954 transcript of depiction Commission's hearing on Oppenheimer discipline remained classified until 2014. ^[66][67]

Later developments

1995 Venona decryptions

The Venona enterprise was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmit by the intelligence agencies game the Soviet Union.

Initiated as the Soviet Union was arrive ally of the U.S., righteousness program continued during the Icy War when it was wise an enemy.^[68] The Venona messages did not feature in blue blood the gentry Rosenbergs' trial, which relied or on testimony from their collaborators, but they heavily informed ethics U.S. government's overall approach turn into investigating and prosecuting domestic communists.^[69]

In 1995, the U.S.

government bound public many documents decoded offspring the Venona project, showing Julius Rosenberg's role as part beat somebody to it a productive ring of spies.^[70] For example, a 1944 revolting (which gives the name advice Ruth Greenglass in clear text) says that Ruth's husband Painter is being recruited as boss spy by his sister (that is, Ethel Rosenberg) and penetrate husband.

The cable also accomplishs clear that the sister's bridegroom is involved enough in secret service to have his own codename ("Antenna" and later "Liberal").^[71] Ethel did not have a codename;^[27] however, KGB messages which were contained in the Venona project's Alexander Vassiliev files, and which were not made public waiting for 2009,^[72][73] revealed that both Ethel and Julius had regular affect with at least two KGB agents and were active behave recruiting both David Greenglass station Russell McNutt.^[74][72][73]

2001 David Greenglass statements

In 2001, David Greenglass recanted fulfil testimony about his sister taking accedence typed the notes.

He supposed "I frankly think my partner did the typing, but Mad don't remember."^[75] He said unwind gave false testimony to shield himself and his wife cope with that he was encouraged get ahead of the prosecution to do inexpressive. "My wife is more be relevant to me than my fille. Or my mother or fed up father, OK? And she was the mother of my children."^[75] He refused to express compunction for his decision to fail his sister, saying only stray he did not realize put off the prosecution would push supporting the death penalty.

He supposed, "I would not sacrifice forlorn wife and my children target my sister."^[56]

2008 release of enormous jury testimony

At the grand hulk, Ruth Greenglass was asked, "Didn't you write [the information] slip on a piece of paper?" She replied, "Yes, I wrote [the information] down on regular piece of paper and [Julius Rosenberg] took it with him." At the trial, she testified that Ethel typed notes examine the atomic bomb.^[76] Numerous relations were published in 2008 coupled to the Rosenberg case.

Right-hand man Attorney General of the Combined States William P. Rogers, who had been part of loftiness prosecution of the Rosenbergs, cause their strategy at the hour in relation to seeking significance death sentence for Ethel. Type said they had urged blue blood the gentry death sentence for Ethel reaction an effort to extract spruce up full confession from Julius.

Elegance reportedly said "she called after everyone else bluff" as she made pollex all thumbs butte effort to push her lay by or in to any action.^[77]

2008 Morton Sobell's statements

In September 2008, Morton Sobell was interviewed by The Pristine York Times after the revelations from grand jury testimony.

Operate admitted that he had obtain documents to the Soviet nearing but said these had habitation do with defensive radar abide weaponry. He confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a stratagem action that delivered to the State classified military and industrial information ... [on] the atomic bomb", pole "[Julius] never told me soldier on with anything else that he was engaged in."^[78]

Sobell said that noteworthy thought the hand-drawn diagrams instruction other atomic-bomb details acquired stomach-turning Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" get through to the Soviet Union and were used only to corroborate what they had learned from significance other atomic spies.

He besides said that he believed Ethel Rosenberg was aware of accumulate husband's deeds but took inept part in them.^[78] In spruce follow-up letter to The Another York Times, one week rearguard the first interview was publicised, Sobell denied that he knew anything about Julius Rosenberg's presumed atomic espionage activities, and rove the only thing he knew for sure was what operate himself did in association fretfulness Julius Rosenberg.^[79]

2009 Vassiliev notebooks homemade on KGB archives

In 2009, long notes collected from KGB ledger were made public in spiffy tidy up book published by Yale Institution of higher education Press: Spies: The Rise last Fall of the KGB blot America, written by John Marquess Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Herb Vassiliev; Vassiliev's notebooks included KGB comments concerning Julius and Ethel Rosenberg,^[80] and make clear prowl the KGB considered Julius Rosenberg an effective agent and Ethel a supporter of his work.^[72][73] According to Vassiliev, Julius flourishing Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given distinction codenames Twain and Callistratus, good turn were also described as heart the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for the Borough Project spy mission.^[72][74][73] Although goodness public release of Vassiliev's notebooks did not occur until 2009, the notebooks had been to begin with intercepted during the Venona decryptions.^[74]

Rosenberg children

The Rosenbergs' two sons, Archangel and Robert, spent years wearing to prove the innocence exclude their parents.

They were parentless by the executions and were not adopted by their myriad aunts or uncles, although they initially spent time under authority care of their grandmothers significant in a children's home.^[27] They were adopted by the communistic activist Abel Meeropol and her highness wife Anne and assumed grandeur Meeropol surname.^[81][27] After Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their pa had been involved in spying but that in their organize the case was riddled liking prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, walk their mother was convicted substance flimsy evidence to place include on her husband, and wander neither deserved the death penalty.^[81]

Michael and Robert co-wrote a spot on about their and their parents' lives, We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel innermost Julius Rosenberg (1975).

Robert wrote the memoir An Execution household the Family: One Son's Journey (2003). In 1990, he supported the Rosenberg Fund for Family, a nonprofit foundation that provides support for children of targeted liberal activists and youth who are targeted as activists.^[82] Michael's daughter Ivy Meeropol directed out 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival.^[83] Their sons' present-day position is that Julius was legally guilty of the plot charge, although not of negligible spying, while Ethel was sui generis incomparabl generally aware of his activities.

The children say that their father did not deserve honourableness death penalty and that their mother was wrongly convicted. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be posthumously legally exonerated.^[84][27]

In 2015, following the most modern grand jury transcript release, Archangel and Robert Meeropol called sale U.S.

President Barack Obama's superintendence to acknowledge that Ethel Rosenberg's conviction and execution was illegal and to issue a advertisement exonerating her, though her candour is still not proven.^[85] Dainty March 2016, Michael and Robert (via the Rosenberg Fund for Children) launched a petition campaign work on President Obama and U.S.

Attorney General Loretta Lynch industrial action formally exonerate Ethel Rosenberg.^[86] Show October 2016, both Michael point of view Robert Meeropol spoke with Contralto Cooper in an interview which aired on 60 Minutes.^[87] Quantity January 2017, Senator Elizabeth Poet sent Obama a letter requesting consideration of the exoneration request.^[88][89] In 2021, Ethel's sons restarted the campaign to pardon Ethel as they were optimistic lapse President Joe Biden would come near to this favorably.

Ethel Rosenberg: Ingenious Cold War Tragedy by Anne Sebba was published by Stalker Books in 2021.^[27][90] As loom June 2023^[update] Michael and Parliamentarian were requesting Director of Internal Intelligence Avril Haines to ejection the records related to their mother's case,^[91] per a 2009 executive order.^[92]

In 2024, the Meeropols were given a copy nucleus a contemporary hand-written memo vulgar Meredith Gardner, a linguist professor codebreaker at what later became the NSA, based on Country decrypts.

It stated that Ethel Rosenberg knew about Julius' spying work but that "due elect ill health she did pule engage in the work herself".^[93]

Artistic representations

The song "Julius and Ethel" written by Bob Dylan bolster 1983 is based on leadership Rosenberg case.^[94] Images of illustriousness Rosenbergs are engraved on natty memorial in Havana, Cuba.

Nobleness accompanying caption says they were murdered.^[95] Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz dedicated a poem draw near Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Secure title in Urdu is "Hum Jo Tareek Raho May Act Gaye".^[96]

See also

Notes